Gold Emulsion
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Frbiz.com Reports Maintenance Of Gold And Silver Necklace
【Silver】 1, silver is the best care to wear every day, because the body can produce the natural oils and fats moist sheen. 2, Do not wear silver, other precious metals also wear jewelry, so as to avoid collision deformation or scratches. 3, maintaining silver dry, do not wear swimming away from the hot springs and sea water. Not available when the surface of cotton swab or tissue paper to remove water and dirt, it would be placed in sealed bags or box to avoid contact with air. 4, if we find silver there are signs of yellowing, the simplest way to add a little water, the use of toothpaste, wash the surface of light. Or use a small brush clean silver jewelry jewelry slits, then rub silver cloth graze its surface, we can immediately restore the original beautiful decoration. (If you use silver cleaning cloth to restore about 89 percent of silver status, stop using the milk and wash wipe silver silver water, because they all have a certain degree of corrosion, silver jewelry in the use of these products later, will become more easy to turn yellow. In addition, silver care cleaning silver cloth containing ingredients that are not available wash) 5, silver, yellow too serious, silver immersed in water with washing time should not be too long, generally a few seconds, remove immediately after washing with water, then dry with tissue paper. 6, the use of silver polishing cloth to restore some Bacheng the silver position, we do not need to use silver polishing silver milk and wash water, because these products have a certain corrosive, silver, after the use of these products will become increasingly easy to change Huang. Shi silver cloth containing silver and maintenance components, can not be washed. 7, if not after the normal wear silver in the processing and collection, they are most likely to silver black. Then you should use a small brush to clean jewelry jewelry slits, and then wipe a drop of silver in the emulsion droplet surface paper, the silver surface of the black oxide unhealed, and then wipe silver jewelry cloth to restore the original light. We must remember that after doing general maintenance routine, and to avoid the silver again, black, silver, black, after several times it is difficult rubbing white. 【Payment】 1, first stored in a separate jewelry jewelry box or chamois leather, but also to a habit exhausted Do not wear jewelry and other jewelry throw put together, to prevent scratches on each other. 2, the precious ornaments placed in a safe place to buy adequate insurance. If you do not understand the value of your jewelry, please bring a local jeweler for valuation. 3, on a regular basis for cleaning jewelry. This ensures that the best gloss jewelry show, and more durable. Method of cleaning gold jewelry and other precious jewelry the same; use the market to sell jewelry cleaners, or diffuse it soaked in soap and water solution, and then gently wipe with a soft cloth. [Shell Necklace] Shell Necklace 4, for the gold inlaid gemstone jewelry alum needs cleaning once every six months. By a qualified jeweler jewelry right to adjust the size of correction, polishing and cleaning. In order for your payment to be professionally maintained, first of all to ensure that the jeweler has a trained fitter gold. 5, if there is a visible scratches, please bring qualified jeweler jewelry there for grinding, all the precious metals are likely to leave scratches, gold is no exception. But the gold surface appears a natural oxide layer, many people may prefer to have just polished off the surface. If this occurs, please send your platinum jewelry taken to a qualified jeweler so that they can re-polish it to produce an extremely bright effect. 6, carrying out domestic cleaning, gardening and other types of heavy work or physical activity, please do not wear gold jewelry. Because women are wearing jewelry when doing housework easily accessible to bleach or irritating chemicals. Although they do not produce damage on the gold, but the chemicals may cause discoloration diamonds or precious stones. 7, summer is best not to wear gold jewelry to wear or to reduce the time, often adhesions, or soaked in sweat inside would make the black gold, but some women because of this causes itchy skin or allergic symptoms The first necklace for some jewelry because of the different stones have different qualities, so there are some in the maintenance of the special requirements and precautions are respectively introduced as follows: (1) emerald necklace. Although Jade are hard and with toughness, a certain amount of resilience. However, after the emerald processed products, are often thinner, to be hit will be damaged. (2) emerald necklace. Slightly greater than the hardness of emerald jade, but lower than should be crisp emerald, it is more vulnerable to impact than the emerald and beat. In addition, the emerald afraid of high temperature, in a fire will reduce color fade, easy to burst under high temperature. (3) opal necklace. Lower the hardness of opal should avoid friction with other items. Opal contains water, should avoid high temperature, or loss due to evaporation of moisture, ranging from loss of transparency, re-burst occurred. In addition, the opal is not acid, so wear opal jewelry should be to avoid the heat and acidic substances. Opal jewelry collection, they should also pay attention to environmental can not be too dry, otherwise cracks will result in dehydration and even rupture. In order to prevent dehydration, in the dry season, repeat certain period of time should be placed in water for a jewelry (4) Amethyst necklace. Amethyst the color of instability, when the temperature or prolonged exposure will cause fading. Wear or the collection process, should avoid high temperature or exposure. (5), malachite, and turquoise necklace. Hardness than those of the two stones in water, very easy to wear and tear. Both the chemical nature of the instability in the event of dissolution of acid will be subject to corrosion. Tesco turquoise color at high temperatures, and even longer exposure, and by the sweat soaking, but also make turquoise color. These are in the process of wear and collectors must pay attention. (6), pearl and coral necklace. Low hardness of pearls and coral, easily lose their luster due to the surface friction Er Shi. Both ingredients are calcium carbonate, the event will be subjected to corrosion of acid dissolution. Easy summer sweat, sweat and also make pearls, coral damage and the loss of the surface of the original luster. The powder cosmetics, perfume and hair cream, also makes pearls gradually degenerate. Therefore, the summer's best not to wear such jewelry. If, after perspiration stain may be placed in clean water for rinsing, and then soft fabric can be gently wiped away. Pearl jewelry in the collection before, be sure to clean water after rinsing, the Department must also be kept away from cosmetics. (7) lazuli necklace. Lapis lazuli necklace tarnished after the first must not be soaked in water and flushing. Because lapis lazuli is composed of a variety of granular mineral collection, if the water soaking and washing, precious stones to the inside surface of the penetration of dirt, so will change the original luster of lapis lazuli. Lapis lazuli jewelry tarnished, the available wet cloth gently wipe, wipe dirt.
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Sodium thiosulfate
Industrial production and laboratory synthesis
On an industrial scale, sodium thiosulfate is produced chiefly from liquid waste products of sodium sulfide or sulfur dye manufacture. In the laboratory, this salt can be prepared by heating an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite with sulfur.
Principal reactions and applications
Sodium thiosulfate
Thiosulfate anion characteristically reacts with dilute acids to produce sulfur, sulfur dioxide and water:
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + S + SO2 + H2O
This reaction is known as a clock reaction, because when the sulfur reaches a certain concentration the solution turns from colourless to a pale yellow. This reaction has been employed to generate colloidal sulfur. When the protonation is conducted at low temperatures, H2S2O3 (thiosulfuric acid) can be obtained. It is a strong acid pKa = 0.6, 1.7.
Iodometry
In analytical chemistry, the most important use comes from the fact that the thiosulfate anion reacts stoichiometrically with iodine, reducing it to iodide as it is oxidized to tetrathionate:
2 S2O32(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62(aq) + 2 I(aq)
Due to the quantitative nature of this reaction, as well as the fact that Na2S2O35H2O has an excellent shelf-life, it is used as a titrant in iodometry. Na2S2O35H2O is also a component of iodine clock experiments.
This particular use can be set up to measure the oxygen content of water through a long series of reactions. It is also used in estimating volumetrically, the concentrations of certain compounds in solution (hydrogen peroxide, for instance), and in estimating the chlorine content in commercial bleaching powder and water.
Photographic processing
The terminal sulfur atom in S2O32 binds to soft metals with high affinity. Thus, silver halides, e.g. AgBr, typical components of photographic emulsions, dissolve upon treatment with aqueous thiosulfate:
2 S2O32 + AgBr [Ag(S2O3)2]3 + Br-
In this application to photographic processing, discovered by John Herschel and used for both film and photographic paper processing, the sodium thiosulfate is known as a photographic fixer, and is often referred to as hypo, from the original chemical name, hyposulphite of soda.
Gold extraction
Sodium thiosulfate is one component of an alternative lixiviant to cyanide for extraction of gold. It forms a strong complex with gold(I) ions, [Au(S2O3)2]3-. The advantage of this approach is that thiosulfate is essentially non-toxic and that ore types that are refractory to gold cyanidation (e.g. carbonaceous or Carlin type ores) can be leached by thiosulfate. Some problems with this alternative process include the high consumption of thiosulfate, and the lack of a suitable recovery technique, since [Au(S2O3)2]3- does not adsorb to activated carbon, which is the standard technique used in gold cyanidation to separate the gold complex from the ore slurry.
Analytical chemistry
Sodium thiosulfate is also used in analytical chemistry. It can, when heated with a sample containing aluminum cation, produce a white precipitation:
2Al3+ + 3S2O32- + 3H2O 3SO2 + 3S + 2Al(OH)3
Medical
It is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning. Thiosulfate acts as a sulfur donor for the conversion for cyanide to thiocyanate (which can then be safely excreted in the urine), catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanase.
It has also been used as treatment of calciphylaxis in hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease.
in foot baths for prophylaxis of ringworm, and as a topical antifungal agent for tinea versicolor.
in measuring the volume of extracellular body fluid and the renal glomerular filtration rate.
Other uses
Sodium thiosulfate is also used:
As a component in hand warmers and other chemical heating pads that produce heat by exothermic crystallization of a supercooled solution.
In Bleach
In pH testing of bleach substances. The universal indicator and any other liquid pH indicator are destroyed by bleach, rendering them useless for testing the pH. If one first adds sodium thiosulfate to such solutions, it will neutralize the color-removing effects of bleach and allow one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators. The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate. The complete reaction is:
4 NaClO + Na2S2O3 + 2 NaOH 4 NaCl + 2 Na2SO4 + H2O
To dechlorinate tap water for aquariums or treat effluent from waste water treatments prior to release into rivers. The reduction reaction is analogous to the iodine reduction reaction. Treatment of tap water requires between 0.1 grams and 0.3 grams of pentahydrated (crystalline) sodium thiosulfate per 10 liters of water.
To lower chlorine levels in swimming pools and spas following super chlorination.
To remove iodine stains, e.g. after the explosion of nitrogen triiodide.
In bacteriological water assessment.
In the tanning of leather.
To demonstrate the concept of reaction rate in chemistry classes. The thiosulfate ion can decompose into the sulfite ion and a colloidal suspension of sulfur, which is opaque. The equation for this acid-catalysed reaction is as follows:
S2O32(aq) SO32(aq) + S(s)
To demonstrate the concept of supercooling in physics classes. Melted sodium thiosulfate is very easy to overcool to room temperature and when crystallization is forced, the sudden temperature jump to 48.3C can be experienced by touch.
As part of patina recipes for copper alloys.
Often used in pharmaceutical preparations as an anionic surfactant to aid in dispersion.
It can also be used as a very interesting solute in supersaturation experiments.
References
^ a b Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5
^ Charles Robert Gibson (1908). The Romance of Modern Photography, Its Discovery & Its Achievements. Seeley & Co. p. 37. http://books.google.com/books?id=whYaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA37&dq=hyposulphite-of-soda+herschel+fixer+hypo&lr=&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=czVdSaipAYWekwSc_vW5Dg.
^ Aylmore, M. G.; Muir, D. M. "Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold - a Review", Minerals Engineering, 2001, 14, 135-174
^ "Toxicity, Cyanide: Overview - eMedicine". http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/814287-overview. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
^ Hall AH, Dart R, Bogdan G (June 2007). "Sodium thiosulfate or hydroxocobalamin for the empiric treatment of cyanide poisoning?". Ann Emerg Med 49 (6): 80613. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.09.021. PMID 17098327.
^ Cicone JS, Petronis JB, Embert CD, Spector DA (June 2004). "Successful treatment of calciphylaxis with intravenous sodium thiosulfate". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 43 (6): 11048. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.03.018. PMID 15168392.
^ Sodium thiosulfate at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
v d e
Sodium compounds
NaAlO2 NaBH3(CN) NaBH4 NaBr NaBrO4 NaCH3COO NaCN NaC6H5CO2 NaC6H4(OH)CO2 NaCl NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3 NaClO4 NaF NaH NaHCO3 NaHSO3 NaHSO4 NaI NaIO3 NaIO4 NaMnO4 NaNH2 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaN3 NaOH NaO2 NaPO2H2 NaReO4 NaSCN NaSH NaTcO4 NaVO3 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2MnO4 Na2MoO4 Na2O Na2O2 Na2O(UO3)2 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O5 Na2S2O6 Na2S2O7 Na2S2O8 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 Na2SiO3 Na2Te Na2TeO3 Na2Ti3O7 Na2U2O7 NaWO4 Na2Zn(OH)4 Na3N Na3P Na3VO4 Na4Fe(CN)6 Na5P3O10
v d e
Antifungals (D01 and J02)
Wall/
membrane
Ergosterol
inhibitors
Azoles
(lanosterol 14
alpha-demethylase inhibitors)
Imidazoles
topical: Bifonazole, Clomidazole, Clotrimazole#, Croconazole, Econazole, Fenticonazole, Ketoconazole, Isoconazole, Miconazole#, Neticonazole, Oxiconazole, Sertaconazole, Sulconazole, Tioconazole
Triazoles
topical: (Fluconazole#, Fosfluconazole)
systemic: (Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, Voriconazole)
Benzimidazoles
topical: Thiabendazole
Polyene antimycotics
(ergosterol binding)
topical: (Natamycin, Nystatin#)
systemic: (Amphotericin B#)
Allylamines
(squalene monooxygenase
inhibitors)
topical: (Amorolfine, Butenafine, Naftifine, Terbinafine)
systemic: (Terbinafine)
-glucan synthase
inhibitors
echinocandins (Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, Micafungin)
Intracellular
Pyrimidine analogues/
Thymidylate synthase inhibitors
Flucytosine#
Mitotic inhibitors
Griseofulvin#
Others
Bromochlorosalicylanilide Methylrosaniline Tribromometacresol Undecylenic acid Polynoxylin Chlorophetanol Chlorphenesin Ticlatone Sulbentine Ethyl hydroxybenzoate Haloprogin Salicylic acid Selenium sulfide# Ciclopirox Amorolfine Dimazole Tolnaftate Tolciclate Sodium thiosulfate# Whitfield's ointment# Potassium iodide#
Tea tree oil citronella oil lemon grass orange oil patchouli lemon myrtle
PCP: Pentamidine Dapsone Atovaquone
#WHO-EM. Withdrawn from market. CLINICAL TRIALS: hase III. Never to phase III
see also diseases
v d e
Antidotes (V03AB)
Nervous system
Nerve agent / Organophosphate poisoning
Atropine# Biperiden Diazepam# Oximes (Pralidoxime, Obidoxime) see also Cholinesterase
Opioid overdose
Diprenorphine Doxapram Nalorphine Naloxone# Naltrexone Nalmefene
Barbiturate overdose
Bemegride Ethamivan
Benzodiazepine overdose
Cyprodenate Flumazenil
GHB overdose
Physostigmine SCH-50911
Reversal of neuromuscular blockade
Sugammadex
Cardiovascular
Heparin
Protamine#
Digoxin toxicity
Digoxin Immune Fab
Beta blocker
Glucagon
Other
Methanol / Ethylene glycol poisoning
Ethanol Fomepizole
Paracetamol toxicity (Acetaminophen)
Acetylcysteine# Glutathione Methionine#
Arsenic poisoning
Dimercaprol# Succimer
Cyanide poisoning
nitrite (Amyl nitrite, Sodium nitrite#) Sodium thiosulfate# 4-Dimethylaminophenol Hydroxocobalamin
Toxic metals (cadmium, mercury, lead, thallium)
Edetates Dimercaprol# Prussian blue
Hydrofluoric acid
Calcium gluconate#
Other
Prednisolone and promethazine oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate) iodine-131 (Potassium iodide) Methylthioninium chloride#
Emetic
Ipecacuanha (Syrup of ipecac) Copper sulfate
#WHO-EM. Withdrawn from market. CLINICAL TRIALS: hase III. Never to phase III
Categories: Thiosulfates | Sodium compounds | Photographic chemicals | Antidotes | World Health Organization essential medicinesHidden categories: Chemboxes which contain changes to watched fields
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